When does excessive force apply?

Excessive force claims live here when:An officer uses physical force on you during an encounter — punches, kicks, taser, baton, gun, choke, slam.The force was disproportionate to the threat you actually posed.You weren't actively threatening serious bodily harm to officers or anyone else.Three myths:"Resisting means anything goes." No. Force still has to be proportional. Tennessee v. Garner (1985) made clear that deadly force on a fleeing, non-violent felon — there, a 15-year-old burglary suspect — was unconstitutional."I can't sue police." You can, under § 1983. The cases are hard — qualified immunity blocks many — but they happen all the time, and settlements regularly run into seven figures."If I was breaking the law, force was fine." Being suspected of a crime doesn't waive your Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable seizure. The level of force still has to match the level of threat.

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Excessive Force in Pennsylvania

Q: What should I do if police used excessive force on me or someone I witnessed?

Step 1: Don't resist. Even when the force feels excessive — especially then. Resistance escalates and gives the officer a clean justification later. Cases get won in court, not on the pavement.Step 2: Capture the details. Badge numbers, names if visible on the uniform, patrol car numbers, exact time and location, every witness in sight. If anyone nearby has a phone out, ask afterward whether they recorded.Step 3: Get to the ER. Same day. Medical records contemporaneous with the incident are some of the strongest evidence in any later case. Tell the medical staff exactly what happened — those notes go in the record.Step 4: Photograph the injuries. Day of the incident, then daily for the next week. Bruises darken and shift over 3–5 days; photos show the progression.Step 5: File complaints in two places. The department's internal affairs division and any independent civilian oversight board. If the city has neither, file with the state attorney general's civil rights division.Step 6: Talk to a civil rights lawyer. Most work on contingency for these. Look for someone with § 1983 trial experience, not a general personal injury firm.

Q: What should you NOT do about excessive force?

Don't fight back. Even slight physical resistance creates new charges and weakens the civil case. Hands visible, comply, complain in court.Don't delay medical care. Defense lawyers will use any treatment gap to argue you weren't really injured. Same-day documentation is gold.Don't post about it on social media. Every post becomes discoverable. Things you said in anger become exhibits at trial. Talk to a lawyer before anything goes public.Don't assume the case is hopeless. Even with qualified immunity in the way, excessive force settlements happen constantly. The City of Minneapolis paid $27 million in the George Floyd case before any verdict. Document, file, and call a lawyer.

By Ahmed Alsaedi, Founding Editor

Source: 4th Amendment (unreasonable seizure). Standard set by Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989). Enforced through 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (civil rights lawsuits) and 18 U.S.C. § 242 (federal criminal charges for deprivation of rights under color of law).

About this article

Reviewed by the Commoner Law Editorial Team. Sourced from primary statutes (U.S. Code, CFR, state compiled statutes) and official government agency guidance. Written in plain language for general understanding — this is educational content, not legal advice. Our editorial standards

Pennsylvania Law

How Pennsylvania differs from federal law

Pennsylvania follows federal use-of-force standards with recent reform efforts:

Federal standard applies: Pennsylvania courts apply the Graham v. Connor "objectively reasonable" standard for evaluating police use of force.
Act 57 of 2020: Landmark police reform law requiring: a statewide use-of-force database, mandatory background checks when hiring officers, mental health evaluations every five years, and a duty to intervene when witnessing another officer using excessive force.
No ban on chokeholds: Unlike some states, Pennsylvania has not enacted a statewide ban on chokeholds or neck restraints, though some municipalities (including Philadelphia) have policies restricting their use.
Philadelphia Civilian Review Board: Philadelphia has a Police Advisory Commission that reviews complaints about police conduct, including excessive force.

Additional Steps in Pennsylvania

File a complaint with the police department's internal affairs. In Philadelphia, contact the Police Advisory Commission at phila.gov/pac. File a civil rights lawsuit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Contact the ACLU of Pennsylvania.

Relevant Law: Act 57 of 2020 (Municipal Police Reform), 42 U.S.C. § 1983

Federal baseline: Excessive Force nationwide

What is this right?

Police are allowed to use reasonable force to make an arrest, protect themselves, or protect others. They are not allowed to use more force than the situation calls for. The legal standard was set in Graham v. Connor in 1989: the force has to be "objectively reasonable" given the facts at the scene, not judged with hindsight, and weighed against the severity of the suspected crime, the immediate threat, and whether the person was actively resisting or trying to flee.

The mechanics of accountability are harder than the standard suggests. Civil suits run under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, but officers often raise qualified immunity — a doctrine that shields them unless the violation was "clearly established" by prior case law on the same fact pattern. Many obvious violations get dismissed at that stage. Federal criminal prosecutions under 18 U.S.C. § 242 require willful deprivation, an even higher bar. Documentation, witnesses, and video are what move cases past these defenses.

When does it apply?

Excessive force claims live here when:

An officer uses physical force on you during an encounter — punches, kicks, taser, baton, gun, choke, slam.
The force was disproportionate to the threat you actually posed.
You weren't actively threatening serious bodily harm to officers or anyone else.

Three myths:

"Resisting means anything goes." No. Force still has to be proportional. Tennessee v. Garner (1985) made clear that deadly force on a fleeing, non-violent felon — there, a 15-year-old burglary suspect — was unconstitutional.
"I can't sue police." You can, under § 1983. The cases are hard — qualified immunity blocks many — but they happen all the time, and settlements regularly run into seven figures.
"If I was breaking the law, force was fine." Being suspected of a crime doesn't waive your Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable seizure. The level of force still has to match the level of threat.

What to Do If Police Used Excessive Force Against You

Step 1: Don't resist. Even when the force feels excessive — especially then. Resistance escalates and gives the officer a clean justification later. Cases get won in court, not on the pavement.

Step 2: Capture the details. Badge numbers, names if visible on the uniform, patrol car numbers, exact time and location, every witness in sight. If anyone nearby has a phone out, ask afterward whether they recorded.

Step 3: Get to the ER. Same day. Medical records contemporaneous with the incident are some of the strongest evidence in any later case. Tell the medical staff exactly what happened — those notes go in the record.

Step 4: Photograph the injuries. Day of the incident, then daily for the next week. Bruises darken and shift over 3–5 days; photos show the progression.

Step 5: File complaints in two places. The department's internal affairs division and any independent civilian oversight board. If the city has neither, file with the state attorney general's civil rights division.

Step 6: Talk to a civil rights lawyer. Most work on contingency for these. Look for someone with § 1983 trial experience, not a general personal injury firm.

What should you NOT do?

Don't fight back. Even slight physical resistance creates new charges and weakens the civil case. Hands visible, comply, complain in court.

Don't delay medical care. Defense lawyers will use any treatment gap to argue you weren't really injured. Same-day documentation is gold.

Don't post about it on social media. Every post becomes discoverable. Things you said in anger become exhibits at trial. Talk to a lawyer before anything goes public.

Don't assume the case is hopeless. Even with qualified immunity in the way, excessive force settlements happen constantly. The City of Minneapolis paid $27 million in the George Floyd case before any verdict. Document, file, and call a lawyer.

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Excessive Force in other states

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Every reference below links to its primary source — the statute book, regulator, or court — and carries a verification date. See our citation methodology for how this works.

Pennsylvania

StatutePennsylvania Municipal Police Reform Act (Act 57 of 2020)
Agency guidancePennsylvania Human Relations Commission — civil rights complaints
Agency guidanceDOJ — Civil rights and police misconduct

Federal

Statute42 U.S.C. § 1983 (civil rights enforcement)
Vehicle for civil suits against state/local officers who use force in violation of the Fourth Amendment.
Statute18 U.S.C. § 242 (deprivation of rights under color of law)
Federal criminal statute authorizing prosecution of officers for willful constitutional violations.
CaseGraham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989)
Establishes the objective-reasonableness test for police use of force under the Fourth Amendment.
CaseTennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1 (1985)
Deadly force is unconstitutional against a fleeing felon who poses no immediate threat.