Medical Debt Rights in New Hampshire
Reviewed by the Commoner Law Editorial Team. Sourced from primary statutes (U.S. Code, CFR, state compiled statutes) and official government agency guidance. Written in plain language for general understanding — this is educational content, not legal advice. Our editorial standards
What is this right?
Medical debt is the leading cause of bankruptcy in the United States, affecting an estimated 100 million Americans. Recent federal actions have significantly strengthened your rights when dealing with medical debt — including new rules removing most medical debt from credit reports and protections against surprise billing.
The No Surprises Act (effective January 2022) protects you from unexpected bills when you receive emergency care or are treated by an out-of-network provider at an in-network facility without your consent. Additionally, the three major credit bureaus voluntarily removed medical debt under $500 from credit reports in 2023, and the CFPB finalized a rule in January 2025 to remove all medical debt from credit reports, but a federal court vacated that rule in July 2025 (Cornerstone Credit Union League v. CFPB) before it took effect.
When does it apply?
Your medical debt rights apply when:
- You received a medical bill you cannot afford or believe is incorrect
- You received emergency care at an out-of-network hospital or from an out-of-network provider at an in-network facility
- A medical debt collector is contacting you about a bill
- Medical debt appears on your credit report
- You are being sued for medical debt
Key protections:
- No Surprises Act: You cannot be balance-billed for emergency services, air ambulance from out-of-network providers, or non-emergency care from out-of-network providers at in-network facilities (unless you gave written consent). You pay only your in-network cost-sharing amount.
- Nonprofit hospital requirements: Under IRS § 501(r), tax-exempt hospitals must have a written financial assistance policy, publicize it, and screen patients for assistance before pursuing collections. Many patients qualify for free or reduced-cost care but are never told.
- Credit reporting changes: As of 2023, paid medical debt is removed from credit reports, and unpaid medical debt under $500 does not appear. A CFPB rule that would have removed all medical debt from credit reports was vacated by a federal court in July 2025 before it took effect.
- Good faith estimate: Under the No Surprises Act, uninsured patients can request a Good Faith Estimate before scheduled care. If the final bill exceeds the estimate by $400 or more, you can dispute it.
Common misconceptions:
- "I have to pay whatever the hospital charges" — Hospital "chargemaster" prices are often wildly inflated. You have the right to request an itemized bill, dispute errors, and negotiate the amount.
- "Medical debt will ruin my credit forever" — Medical debt under $500 no longer appears on credit reports, and all paid medical debt is removed. The trend is toward removing medical debt from credit entirely.
- "Nonprofit hospitals don't have to help me" — Tax-exempt hospitals are legally required to have financial assistance programs. Many patients qualify for charity care that covers 50-100% of their bill.
What to Do If You Get a Medical Bill You Can't Afford
Step 1: Request an itemized bill. Medical billing errors are extremely common — studies suggest up to 80% of medical bills contain errors. Compare the itemized bill against your insurance Explanation of Benefits (EOB).
Step 2: If you received a surprise bill (out-of-network charges you didn't consent to), file a complaint under the No Surprises Act. Contact your insurer, the provider, and CMS at 1-800-985-3059. You should only owe your in-network cost-sharing amount.
Step 3: Ask the hospital about financial assistance. If the hospital is a nonprofit (most are), they must have a financial assistance policy. Request the application — you may qualify for free or reduced-cost care even with insurance.
Step 4: Negotiate the bill. Hospitals regularly accept less than the full amount. Ask for a reduction, a payment plan with no interest, or offer a lump-sum settlement for a lower amount. Get any agreement in writing.
Step 5: If the debt goes to collections, know your FDCPA rights. Request debt validation in writing within 30 days. Medical debt collectors must follow the same rules as any other debt collector. If the debt is on your credit report, check whether it qualifies for removal under the new credit reporting rules.
What should you NOT do?
Don't pay a bill you haven't verified. Always request an itemized bill and compare it to your insurance EOB before paying. Errors are extremely common.
Don't put medical debt on a credit card. Medical debt has special protections (lower interest, financial assistance eligibility, credit reporting limits) that you lose once you transfer it to a credit card.
Don't ignore the bill entirely. While medical debt protections are expanding, ignoring bills can lead to lawsuits, wage garnishment, and damage to your credit that could have been avoided through negotiation or financial assistance.
Don't assume you don't qualify for financial assistance. Income thresholds for hospital charity care programs are often surprisingly high (200-400% of the federal poverty level). Apply even if you think your income is too high.
How New Hampshire differs from federal law
New Hampshire provides some protections for patients facing medical debt:
- Nonprofit hospital obligations: New Hampshire nonprofit hospitals are expected to provide charity care and financial assistance programs. Patients should inquire about eligibility before accounts are sent to collections.
- Wage garnishment protections: NH wage garnishment is limited to the lesser of 25% of disposable earnings or the amount exceeding 50x the federal minimum wage — more protective than the federal standard. This applies to medical debt judgments.
- Credit reporting changes: Under updated federal rules, medical debts under $500 and paid medical debts are no longer reported on credit reports. Medical debt in collections cannot appear on credit reports until at least 1 year after initial billing.
- Homestead protection: NH's $120,000 homestead exemption protects home equity from medical debt judgments — one of the more generous state exemptions.
- Statute of limitations: The statute of limitations on medical debt in New Hampshire is 3 years (RSA 508:4). After 3 years, providers cannot sue to collect.
Additional Steps in New Hampshire
Request an itemized bill and review for errors. Ask about hospital financial assistance programs. File complaints with the NH Attorney General's Consumer Protection Bureau at (603) 271-3641. NH Legal Assistance: (603) 668-2900.
Relevant Law: RSA 508:4 (3-year statute of limitations), RSA 358-A (Consumer Protection Act), Federal FDCPA, 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq.
Common Questions
When does medical debt rights apply?
Your medical debt rights apply when:You received a medical bill you cannot afford or believe is incorrectYou received emergency care at an out-of-network hospital or from an out-of-network provider at an in-network facilityA medical debt collector is contacting you about a billMedical debt appears on your credit reportYou are being sued for medical debtKey protections:No Surprises Act: You cannot be balance-billed for emergency services, air ambulance from out-of-network providers, or non-emergency care from out-of-network providers at in-network facilities (unless you gave written consent). Y...
What should I do if I receive a medical bill I can't afford to pay?
Step 1: Request an itemized bill. Medical billing errors are extremely common — studies suggest up to 80% of medical bills contain errors. Compare the itemized bill against your insurance Explanation of Benefits (EOB).Step 2: If you received a surprise bill (out-of-network charges you didn't consent to), file a complaint under the No Surprises Act. Contact your insurer, the provider, and CMS at 1-800-985-3059. You should only owe your in-network cost-sharing amount.Step 3: Ask the hospital about financial assistance. If the hospital is a nonprofit (most are), they must have a financial assista...
What mistakes should I avoid with medical debt rights?
Don't pay a bill you haven't verified. Always request an itemized bill and compare it to your insurance EOB before paying. Errors are extremely common.Don't put medical debt on a credit card. Medical debt has special protections (lower interest, financial assistance eligibility, credit reporting limits) that you lose once you transfer it to a credit card.Don't ignore the bill entirely. While medical debt protections are expanding, ignoring bills can lead to lawsuits, wage garnishment, and damage to your credit that could have been avoided through negotiation or financial assistance.Don't assum...
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